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By:Whitney Taylor Brooks
Published on 2014 by
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more prevalent in males than in females, at an estimated rate of 5:1. Consequently, women and girls were neglected from much of the early ASD research. Recently, there has been an increased focus on how ASD affects females in symptom presentation and in social and emotional functioning. Some recent studies suggest that while females with high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) may present with better observable social skills than males with HFASD, they may experience more problems in developing appropriate peer relationships. Understanding gender differences in the typically developing (TD) population is an important aspect of understanding this relationship among individuals with HFASD. In general, females place more emphasis on emotional intimacy, while males place more emphasis on interest-based relationships, which could impact the ability of women with HFASD to maintain relationships with TD peers. The current study examined gender differences in ASD symptoms, social relationships, loneliness and emotions in 56 adults diagnosed with HFASD and 56 TD adults. Participants with HFASD included 28 women and 28 men with a previous diagnosis of an ASD, who did not differ on age, ethnicity, education level, or cognitive ability. The TD participants included 28 women and 28 men who did not differ from participants with HFASD on age, ethnicity, or education level. Individuals with HFASD participated in two researcher administered assessments, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence - Second Edition (WASI-II). Both HFASD and TD participants completed the following self-report questionnaires: A Demographic Questionnaire, the Autism Spectrum Quotient, the Cambridge Friendship Questionnaire, the UCLA Loneliness Scale: Version 3, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule), and a Friendship Activity Report, which was designed for the study to determine the nature of peer relationships. Results indicated that women with HFASD displayed significantly better communication and social skills than men with HFASD on the ADOS. However, women and men with HFASD did not exhibit differences in number of friendships, friendship quality, loneliness, positive emotions, or negative emotions. Participants with HFASD exhibited higher levels of loneliness and negative emotions, as well as fewer friendships and lower friendship quality than TD participants. Additionally, there was a significant gender by diagnosis interaction on friendship quality scores, with TD women scoring higher on a measure indicating close, emotionally-supportive relationships than TD men, women with HFASD, and men with HFASD. The larger discrepancy between TD and HFASD women versus men on friendship quality warrants further investigation, as it may indicate that females with HFASD are at a higher risk for experiencing mental health issues related to lack of social support. In both HFASD and TD participants, higher levels of friendship quality were associated with lower levels of loneliness. Implications for gender-targeted interventions and future research are discussed.
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